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与德国抽象派画家Shahin de Heart浅聊德国绘画

艺术作为人类最高精神追求的领域，它涵盖了从绘画、音乐、建筑、诗歌、小说、戏剧以及被称为世界第七大艺术形式的电影，这其中绘画、音乐、建筑则是不需要借助语言就能自由理解的艺术，是艺术无国界的代表形式。

在浩瀚的艺术海洋里，很多国家都以其绚烂的艺术瑰宝被人们所熟悉，这是文化的力量。意大利的歌剧，绘画及雕塑、法国的文学及电影、德国的古典音乐大师、英国的莎士比亚及戏剧、奥地利的交响乐、美国的百老汇及好莱坞、即便是经济不发达的印度也有世界闻名的歌舞剧，还有中国的国粹京剧以及数不尽的地方戏曲...

*By Shahin de Heart, gazelle

不过，我们今天想谈的是世界范围内最为普及的艺术欣赏形式——绘画。

绘画艺术从以宗教题材为主要表达内容的5-15世纪，到13世纪开始繁荣于15、6世纪的人文主义关怀的文艺复兴运动，直至18世纪的法国启蒙运动，出现了丰富的绘画流派，诞生出新古典主义、浪漫主义、印象主义等等流派...19世纪末照相机的诞生，更是让抽象派、表现主义及新表现主义在20世纪风靡整个西方绘画世界。人们在走过怎么画都像不过照相机的纠结中，把写实主义作为了一种绘画的经典手法，在此基础上更多的以通过作品着重表现内心的情感，而忽视对描写对象形式的摹写。

* By Shahin de Heart, Hafez, Landscape and language, 140x140cm, 2017, Oil on canvas

表现主义（Expressionism），作为现代重要艺术流派之一，20世纪初起源于德国（北欧的一场艺术运动,涉及绘画、诗歌、小说、戏剧等诸多领域。作为一种思潮,它反映了特定时空的政治、经济、文化和社会生活背景,且影响深远,甚至在表现主义的社团停止活动以后很久,表现主义的美学思想和艺术手法对德国和其他西方国家的许多艺术家仍然有很强的吸引力。），弘扬于纽约，最终被又被德国的新表现主义取代其江湖地位。一批艺术家创造的"德国新表现主义"潮流所获得的世界影响力成功地恢复和加强了欧洲尤其是德国的文化地位。乔治-巴塞利兹，约尔格-伊门多夫，马库斯-吕佩尔兹，A-R-彭克是德国新表现主义画家群体中的四位杰出代表。

德国的工业强国、哲学大国印象深入人心，使得人们忽略了其在艺术领域的影响力，带着这样的好奇心，我向德国抽象表现主义油画家Shahin de Heart请教了一些有关德国绘画艺术与大众的教育及认知方面的问题。以下为问答内容：

* By Shahin de Heart, Matterhorn-Africa, 80x120 cm, 2011, Oil on canvas The mountain is an erosion relic of the African/Adriatic plate. The characteristic form of the Matterhorn was created by glacial erosion in the ice ages. Matterhorn is for me a metaphorical symbol for Europe. In this painting I bring Europe and Africa together to a reunion.

Shahin de Heart小档案。1948出生于伊朗德黑兰，1971年-1981年就读于德国科隆大学，1972在艺术史上的1980项研究中获得科隆大学考古学和人类学（硕士），曾获得哈菲兹奖最佳波斯青年画家的赢家。1980以来自由艺术家。2004从杜塞尔多夫搬到伦讷普。在雷姆沙伊德d-42897伦内普，德国生活和工作。举办过许多展览，作品均为私人及公众收藏。

InBrand: Can we simply talk about the mainstream value identity of German painting art?

Shahin de Heart: Apart from the historical DDR (the Eastern German Democratic Republic 1949-1990) doctrin of socialist realism, there is no nation-style in German postwar art. There are groups of artists, but without a binding program and without clear commonalities. Today's art scene benefits from a very interesting living painting activity. In addition to sculpture, painting is still one of the most classical, for centuries the most important genre of art. The themes and styles and painting processes are multilayered and very different. Since the Renaissance, a complicated network of references to forms and motifs has developed that lasts until today. In Germany there is a cultural diversity that is very fruitful for art in general. Various aspects of German history, German past, East-West conflict, German division, destruction and suffering by World War II, Neo Expressionism, Postmodern Realism, Conceptual Art. Young artists have supplemented or even combined painting with electronic or digital means of expression. Some painters define themselves by the conscious recourse to already existing, to past styles from the early 20th century to the 1970ies. Abstract painting today represents a multiplicity of painterly positions and shows a wide range of figuration, abstraction till to monochromacity.

* By Shahin de Heart, hafez weiss

InBrand: What inspired you to choose the present style of painting?

Shahin de Heart: I have always painted both, figuratively and abstractly and further, for more than 30 years, often I have combined different styles, diverse things, like two landscapes and people from all continents. In the year 1985 I began drawing abstract paintings about Hafez (1325-1390), the Persian poet and mystic, with oil crayon. Inspired by lines of Hafez poems that had already moved me as a kid: "Come, let us scatter blossoms, / let us pour wine into the cups, / let us open the roof of heaven, / and design each day a new world!"

* By Shahin de Heart, Hafez, Landscape and Language, 160x200 cm, 2014, Oil on canvas. This dynamic and expressive painting is the result of combining fragmented letters from Hafez poetry and a seascape with moon.

InBrand: How do you understand painting?

Shahin de Heart: a) Contemporary art often places more emphasis on concepts, thoughts and issues than on aesthetics of the work. It is often politically motivated or takes critical position on contemporary history. It gives no answers but asks more questions and this enriches us with new insights. When looking at a picture, I try to remain open and objective. I put back my evaluations and interpretations first and observe the picture. I try to understand what's going on and if the artwork raises questions. What is shown, which emotions does it evoke with me? Does it encourage me to want to know more about it? Is there a basic idea that pervades the work, that underlies the work? Only the play of shapes and colors is not an end in itself, but it should dissolve in me new, mixed feelings. For me it is essential that I not only apprehend the artwork emotionally, but also understand it. The picture should enrich me and should stay in my memory. It should make me curious to see it again and to see it new. At least, I expect the painting to be well painted.

* By Shahin de Heart, Hafez, My Garden, 120x80 cm, 2005, Oil on canvas

Shahin de Heart: b) My interest in drawing started at the age of 5 years. As a pupil I drew the filmstars and donated the drawings to the other children as a hot coveted present. Later I mostly painted winter landscapes and flowers in watercolor. And in my childish thought and dreams I really wanted to sell them as well, as I was 11 years old. At that time I knew that I am going to be a painter. The basics were already in childhood created. I come from an art-interested family. I have always been very interested in politics, environmental, freedom and the life circumstances of human being all over the world. Therefore I had studied ethnology in addition to art history and classical archeology. All of this has deeply influenced my art without me seeing myself as a political painter. My life years are reflected in my painted pictures: for instance in the year 2000 the beginning of women series. I hope to pass on as an artist my idea of responsibilty and my optimistic mood to the younger generation of creative people.

InBrand: What are the methods used in training of art talents in Germany?

Shahin de Heart: Musically and artistically highly gifted children have outstanding development opportunities in Germany. Of course, first of all, parents, kindergarten or school can the child's talents recognize. There are museums, colleges, foundations or theaters that promote, observe and accompany the professional education of young people.

InBrand: How does the ordinary people of Germany understand the art of painting?

Shahin de Heart: Art has a high priority in German society – and always had. Culture is very important here. There are excellent art academies in Germany today and moreover many important collectors, especially in the Rhineland. The museums are world class, with more than 300 institutions like art associations which are regarded as the most significant art education platforms in Germany. With 100.000 members and an audience of every origin, they are the civic backbone of contemporary art and have developed in recent decades into an engine of experimental art production in a world-wide unique variety. Art associations serve to mediate between contemporary art and an art-interested audience – primarily through exhibitions and the sale of works of art to their members. The freedom of art has a high value for German culture because of the anti-art experiences on the Fascist era.

* By Shahin de Heart, Woman, 40x40 cm, 2015, Oil on canvas

当今世界的绘画艺术仍是收藏家的主要藏品形式之一。在有着历史渊源的西方家族中仍旧流传着由画家给每一个时代掌管家族事业的主人画肖像的传统，他们并不用照相机解决此等问题，绘画仍是有着相当高地位的表现形式。

Tips: 抽象表现主义(Abstract Expression)又称抽象主义，或抽象派。二战后直到20世纪60年代早期的一种绘画流派。抽象派这个字第一次运用在美国艺术上，是在1946年由艺术评论家罗伯特·寇特兹Robert Coates所提出的。"抽象表现主义"这个词用以定义一群艺术家所做的大胆挥洒的抽象画。他们的作品或热情奔放，或安宁静谧，都是以抽象的形式表达和激起人的情感。

抽象派之所以能自成一派，原因在于它表达了艺术的情感强度，还有自我表征等特性。这跟表现主义反具象化美学，和欧洲一些强调抽象图腾的艺术学校：如包豪斯，未来派，或是立体主义等，都有呼应。抽象派的画作也往往具有反叛的，无秩序的，超脱于虚无的特异感觉。

表现主义（Expressionism），现代重要艺术流派之一。20世纪初流行于德国、法国、奥地利、北欧和俄罗斯的文学艺术流派。1901年法国画家朱利安·奥古斯特·埃尔韦为表明自己绘画有别于印象派而首次使用此词。后德国画家也在章法、技巧、线条、色彩等诸多方面进行了大胆地"创新"，逐渐形成了派别。后来发展到音乐、电影、建筑、诗歌、小说、戏剧等领域。表现主义是艺术家通过作品着重表现内心的情感，而忽视对描写对象形式的摹写，因此往往表现为对现实扭曲和抽象化的这个做法尤其用来表达恐惧的情感，因此，主题欢快的表现主义作品很少见。从这个定义上来说马蒂斯·格吕内瓦尔德与格雷考的作品也可以说是表现主义的，但是一般来说表现主义仅限于20世纪的作品。

Feb,2018

*作者：辰莫

*InBrand版权所有，请勿擅自转载，非常感谢！

Tags: Feature, Art